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2015-05-08    À´Ô´:°®Óï°É    ¡¾´ó ÖРС¡¿      ÃÀ¹úÍâ½Ì ÔÚÏß¿ÚÓïÅàѵ

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1. Recognise your blind spots
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Do you secretly think “you’re smarter than the average bear”£¿ It’s something called “illusory superiority”. In your defence, you might claim that you know you’re smart because of your report cards. If so, you might be suffering from “confirmation bias”– the tendency to only pick evidence to support your viewpoint. The fact is that we all suffer from some subconscious biases. Fortunately, psychologists are finding that people can be trained to spot them. There are about a 100 to consider, so start swotting up with this comprehensive list¡£
ÄãÊÇ·ñĬĬÈÏΪ×Ô¼º±ÈÒ»°ãÈ˶¼´ÏÃ÷£¿ÕâÖÖÏÖÏó±»³ÆÎªÊÇ“Ðé»ÃµÄÓÅÔ½ÐÔ”¡£Îª×Ô¼º±ç½âʱ£¬Äã¿ÉÄÜ»á˵Äã³É¼¨µ¥Éϵijɼ¨ºÜºÃ£¬Õâ˵Ã÷×Ô¼ººÜ´ÏÃ÷¡£ÕâÖÖÏÖÏó±»³ÆÎª“È·ÈÏÆ«Î󔣬¼´ÇãÏòֻѡȡ֧³Å×Ô¼º¹ÛµãµÄÖ¤¾Ý¡£Êµ¼ÊÉÏ£¬Ã¿¸öÈ˶¼´æÔںܶà“È·ÈÏÆ«Îó”ÎÊÌâ¡£ÐÒÔ˵ÄÊÇ£¬ÐÄÀíѧ¼ÒÃÇ·¢ÏÖ£¬¾­¹ýѵÁ·ÈËÃÇ¿ÉÒÔ·¢ÏÖÕâЩÎÊÌâ¡£ÐèҪעÒâµÄÓÐ100ÖÖ£¬×ÐϸÑжÁÒ»ÏÂÕâЩÎÊÌâ°É¡£

2. Be ready to eat humble pie
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It measures how easily you deal with uncertainty, and how quickly you will change your mind based on new evidence. It’s a trait that some people find surprisingly hard to cultivate, yet the moment of self-deflation pays off in the long term. Intellectual humility comes in many other forms – but at its centre is the ability to question the limits of your knowledge¡£
×öºÃµÍÍ·µÄ×¼±¸ÊÇÖ¸Ãæ¶Ô²»È·¶¨×´¿ö£¬»ùÓÚÐÂÖ¤¾Ý£¬¸Ä±ä¹ÛµãµÄËÙ¶È¡£ºÜ¶àÈ˶¼¾õµÃÕâÊÇÖÖºÜÄÑÅàÑøµÄÆ·ÖÊ£¬µ«´Ó³¤Ô¶À´¿´£¬×ÔÎÒÏû½âÄÜÄܹ»ÅàÑø³öÕâÖÖÆ·ÖÊ¡£ÀíÖǵÄÇ«Ð黹ÓÐÆäËûºÜ¶àÖÖÐÎʽ£¬µ«ÊÇ×îÖØÒªµÄÒ»µãÊÇ»³ÒÉ×Ô¼ºÖªÊ¶ÃæµÄÄÜÁ¦¡£

3. Argue with yourself
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If self-deprecation isn’t your strong suit, there is a simple strategy to deflate those biases: pick the exact opposite standpoint, and start arguing against your convictions. That internal argument can puncture many of the most resilient biases – such as overconfidence. A similar tactic might involve putting yourself in someone else’s shoes and imagining their viewpoint. That could be particularly useful when dealing with personal problems¡£
Èç¹û×Ô³°²»ÊÇÄãµÄÇ¿ÏÄÇô»¹ÓÐÆäËû·½Ê½¿ÉÒÔ´òÆÆÕâЩƫ¼û£ºÑ¡ÔñÍêÈ«Ïà·´µÄ¹Ûµã£¬·´²µ×Ô¼º¼áÐŵĹ۵㡣ÕâÖÖ±çÂÛ·½Ê½Äܹ»Ï÷ÈõºÜ¶àÆ«¼û£¬±ÈÈç¹ýÓÚ×ÔÐÅ¡£ÀàËÆµÄ×ö·¨»¹ÓÐÕ¾ÔÚËûÈ˵ÄÁ¢³¡Ë¼¿¼ÎÊÌ⣬ÏëÏëËûÈ˵Ĺ۵㡣´¦Àí¸öÈËÎÊÌâʱ£¬Õâµã·Ç³£ÓÐÓá£

4. Imagine “what if…”
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One way to develop those skills could be to re-imagine key events. History students could write an essay exploring “What would the world be like if Germany had won World War Two?”. It may sound fanciful, but the point is that it forces you to consider the different eventualities and form hypotheses and you might find that it helps broaden your mindset¡£
ÅàÑøÕâЩÄÜÁ¦µÄ·½Ê½Ö®Ò»ÊÇÖØÐÂÏëÏ󹨼üʼþ¡£Ñ§ÀúÊ·µÄѧÉú¿ÉÒÔдÂÛÎÄ̽ÌÖ“Èç¹ûµÂ¹úÔÚ¶þÕ½ÖÐÈ¡µÃÁËʤÀû£¬ÊÀ½ç½«»áÊÇʲô³¡Ã棿”ÕâÌýÆðÀ´²»ÇÐʵ¼Ê£¬µ«ÊǹؼüÔÚÓÚÕâÑùÄܹ»ÆÈʹÄãȥ˼¿¼¸÷ÖÖ¿ÉÄÜÐÔ£¬ÐγɼÙÉè¡£Äã»á·¢ÏÖÕâÓÐÖúÓÚÍØ¿í˼ά·½Ê½¡£

5.Don’t underestimate the checklist
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Distraction and absent-mindedness can be the downfall of the best of us. When wrestling with complex situations, it is easy to forget the basics. There were surgeons with the greatest skill and cutting-edge technology – yet a simple piece of paper ended up saving so many lives. Whatever your profession, those facts are worth considering before you assume that you know it all already¡£
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Practice these steps, and you might just find that you start to find talents that were previously unrecognised. Intelligence isn’t a score on an IQ test – it’s the ability to figure what you want in life that even if that involves some painful self-awareness of your own follies¡£
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