【牛津大学简介】牛津大学是世界十大学府之一，以美丽的大学城闻名全世界。牛津大学坐落于英格兰南部的牛津市。在牛津，处处都是优美的哥德式尖塔建筑。牛津大学是英国第一所国立大学，她为英国培育出无数的顶尖杰出人士，包括2位英国国王、26位英国首相（其中包括格莱斯顿、艾德礼、撒切尔夫人和布莱尔）、多位外国政府首脑（如美国前总统克林顿）、48位诺贝尔奖获得者以及一大批著名科学家。该大学共有30多个学院，各具特色。牛津与剑桥是英国的骄傲，二校享誉全球，其地位之特殊除渊源于英国上层社会以外，还在于其悠久的历史与独特的学制。在英国社会里，牛剑（Oxbridge）一词即是二校的简称。
【双语文本】There are many towers in Oxford city, so it is named as “tower city“. The most famous towers are Carfax Tower, Magdalen Great Tower, Founders Tower and Tom Tower. Carfax Tower is situated in the city centre, and is the landmark of Oxford. Magdalen Great Tower is one of the oldest buildings at Magdalen College, as well as the highest tower at the College. Founders Tower is the second highest tower at Magdalen College, after Magdalen Great Tower. Tom Tower is a bell tower at the Christ Church College. In addition, the city’s other well known towers include the Saxon tower of St. Michael at the North Gate, the main tower of Christ Church Cathedral, and Radcliffe Observatory.
牛津城有很多的塔，因此得名“塔城“，其中最著名的塔有卡法克斯塔、莫德林高塔、发现者塔和汤姆塔。卡法克斯塔位于牛津市中心，是牛津城的标志性建筑。莫德林高塔是莫德林学院最古老的建筑之一，也是该学院最高的塔。发现者塔是莫德林学院继莫德林高塔之后的第二高塔。汤姆塔是基督教堂学院的钟塔。 此外，牛津城有名的塔还包括北门的圣米歇尔教堂的撒克逊塔、基督教教堂的主塔以及拉德克里夫天文台。
Carfax Tower is situated at the northwest corner of Carfax, which is regarded as the city centre of Oxford. The Tower is the only remains of St. Martin’s Church and is now owned by the Oxford City Council. It was the official City Church of Oxford between 1122 and 1896, where the Mayor and local government officials were expected to worship. In 1896，the main part of the church was demolished, and the City Church was moved to All Saints Church in the High Street. There have been three churches designated as the City Church in Oxford, including St. Martin’s Church (1122—1896), which was demolished apart from the Carfax Tower; All Saints Church (1896-1971), is now the library of Lincoln College; St. Michael at the North Gate (1971 onwards), is the present City Church. Carfax Tower is 23 meters (74ft) tall, and no building in the city centre may be constructed higher than it. It is possible to have a good view of the Oxford city on the top of the tower.
卡法克斯塔座落在牛津市中心卡法克斯的西北角。该塔是圣马丁教堂唯一的遗迹，现在归牛津市议会所有。它曾经是1122年-1896年期间牛津城官方的城市教会，市长和当地的政府官员们都会去那儿做礼拜。1896年，该教堂的主体被拆 毁，城市教会被转移到了高街的万圣会教堂。牛津城有三座教堂被指定为城市教堂，包括圣马丁教堂（1122-1896)，除了卡法克斯塔，其余部分均被拆毁;万圣会 教堂（1896-1971 ),是林肯学院现在的图书馆;北门的圣米歇尔教堂（1971-），是 当前的城市教堂。卡法克斯塔有23米（74英尺）高，根据规定，市中心的建筑都不能建得比该塔高。人们可以从这座塔的顶端看到牛津城的全貌。
Situated in the High Street, Magdalen Great Tower is a bell tower in Oxford. Started to be built in 1492，it is one of the oldest parts of Magdalen College, the university of Oxford. It dominates the eastern entrance to the city, towering over Magdalen Bridge. Its pinnacles are about 44m (144ft) high to the top, so it is considered as the tallest building in Oxford. The tower contains ten bells hung for English change ringing. At the invitation of the college, the Oxford Society of Change Ringers will ring the bells on many occasions every year. Such occasions include at significant royal and college anniversaries, as well as after some religious ceremonies in the College Chapel. At 6 a.m. every 1st May, the choir of the college, together with boy choristers from nearby Magdalen College School, sings two traditional hymns to start the May Morning celebrations in Oxford. Large crowds gather in the High Street and on Magdalen Bridge to listen the hymns, until they disperse for other activities.
位于高街的莫德林高塔是牛津城的一座钟塔。它始建于1492年，是牛津大学莫德林学院最古老的建筑之一。莫德林髙塔主宰着牛津城的东部人口，重要性远胜于莫德林桥。它的塔尖高达44米(英尺）,因此被认为是牛津城最高的建筑物。 该塔包含10个悬挂钟，用来演奏英国编钟乐。应莫德林学院的邀请，牛津大学的编钟演奏协会都会在每年的重大时节敲响这些钟，包括重要的皇家纪念日和学院纪念日，以及一些学院小教堂的宗教仪式结束后。每年的5月1日早晨6点，该学院的唱诗班，连同邻近的莫德林学院学校的男唱诗班歌手们一起合唱两首传统的赞美诗，以此揭开牛津城5月清晨庆典的序幕。人们聚集在高街和莫德林桥上聆听赞美诗，直到他们为别的活动而分散了注意力。
Founders Tower is also a tower in Magdalen College. It is the second-highest tower in the college, after the Magdalen Great Tower. Founders Tower houses the entrance to the Old Library, and also sits the main entrance to the Cloisters. Despite the views of the college from the top of the tower, access is restricted.
发现者塔也是莫德林学院的一座塔。它是该学院仅次于莫德林高塔的第二高塔。旧图书馆的入口就在发现者塔里，修道院博物馆的主要入口也在此。尽管从 这座塔的顶端可以看到该学院的全貌，但是这座塔是不能随意进出的。
Tom Tower is a bell tower in Christ Church College, the University of Oxford. It is named for its bell-Great Tom. The tower is over Tom Gate, and on the main entrance of Christ Church, which leads into Tom Quad. This square tower was designed by the 17th century famous architect Christopher Wren and built between 1681 and 1682. Wren made the tower in a late Gothic style, which had not been seen in a prominent building for a hundred and fifty years, making Tom Tower a lonely precursor of the Gothic Revival. The Gothic Revival didn’t get underway until the mid-18th century.
汤姆塔是牛津大学基督教堂学院的一座钟塔。汤姆塔得名于塔内的钟——大汤姆。这座塔穿过了汤姆门，位于基督教堂学院的正门处，直通汤姆方庭。该方塔是由17世纪的著名建筑师克里斯托夫•雷恩设计的，建于1681年-1682年间。雷恩把这座塔建成了晚期哥特式风格建筑，这种风格在之后150年的主要建筑物上都没有再出现，这使得汤姆塔成为了一座“孤独“的哥特复兴先驱。哥特复兴直到18世纪中期才开始崭露头角。
